| The evolutionary mechanisms (13). |
4. The biological variation. The evolutionary importance. Types of biological variation. Mechanisms of *amplificación. Evolutionary applications.
5. Natural selection and adaptation. . Offspring with modification. The evolutionary factors (mutation, migration and derive). The natural selection. The adaptation. The case of *Biston *betularia. The example of *Littorina *saxatilis. *Plasticidade *fenotípica And adaptation.
6. Measure of the natural selection and his limits. Types of Selection. Measurement of the “natural selection”. Measurement in qualitative characters (*W). Measurement in quantitative characters (*S). Esteems of selection and evolutionary hypotheses. The selection on characters “of #efficacy”. You limit of the natural selection.
7. Cooperation and conflict. The “problem” of the collaboration. Development of new concepts (#efficacy *inclusiva). Real examples and his evolutionary utility. The evolutionary conflict. Development of new methods. The sexual selection: causes and consequences. Measurement of the sexual selection.
8. The species and his training. The “problem” of the species. The evolution of the reproductive isolation. @Escenario of *Especiación. Mechanisms of *Especiación.
9. *Coevolución. Nature of the *coevolución. *Coevolución Predatory-imprisoned. *Coevolución Competitive. *Mutualismo. *Simbiose. Other interactions.
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| Origin and diversification of the life (9). |
12. The origin of the life. Data, theories and problems.
13. The tree of the life. Tools and methods of inference.
14. Origin and diversification of bacterium and *archea. Evidences fossils and sequence of appearance.
15. Origin and diversification of organisms *multicelulares. Origin and consequences of the *Multicelularidad.
16. *Macroevolución. Patterns and explanations of the *macroevolución.
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