1. LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHANGE |
Lexical change: Lexical borrowing. Loan words, calques and combining forms. Formation of new words: Compounding. Derivation. Conversion, clipping, blending, back-formation, reanalysis and folk etymology.
Semantic change: Factors responsible for semantic change. Types of semantic change: Generalization and specialization. Melioration and pejoration. Metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche.
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3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE |
Interrelation between phonological and morphological changes. Mechanisms of morphological change: Reanalysis
Analogy. Analogical leveling. Contamination. Hypercorrection. Morphologization. Change in morphological type.
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5. OTHER DETERMINANTS OF CHANGE |
Introduction to several approaches to the study of variation and change: Historical sociolinguistics, democratization, colloquialization. |