| BLOCK 1 (B1): Properties of pure, simple and compressible substances |
B1-1. Review of basic concepts and definitions
- Systems definition
- Description of the systems and their behaviour
- Temperature measurement. Zero Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat and specific heat
- Phase change and latent heat
- Ideal gas. State equations
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic transformations of an ideal gas
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
B1-2. Properties of a pure, simple and compressible substance
- Definition of the thermodynamic state
- The p-v-T relationship
- Calculation of thermodynamic properties
- The ideal gas model
- Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
- Calculation of internal energy and enthalpy changes in ideal gases
- Polytropic processes of an ideal gas
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| BLOCK 2 (B2): Energy analysis of systems according to the First and Second Law |
B2-1. Energy analysis of control volumes
- Conservation of mass
- Conservation of energy
- Steady state analysis
- Transient analysis
B2-2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Using the 2nd law
- Formulations of the 2nd law
- Identification of irreversibilities
- Application of the 2nd low to thermodynamic cycles
- The Kelvin temperature scale
- Maximum efficiency measurements for cycles operating between two heat sources
- The Carnot cycle
B2-3. Entropy and its use
- Clausius inequality
- Definition of entropy change
- Obtaining entropy values
- Entropy change in internally reversible processes
- Entropy balance for closed systems
- Entropy balance for control volumes
- Isentropic processes
- Isentropic efficiencies of turbines, nozzles, compressors and pumps
B2-4. Exergy analysis
- Definition of exergy
- Exergy balances
- Exergy efficiency (second law)
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| BLOCK 4 (B4): Fundamental concepts and principles in heat transfer |
B4-1. Introduction to heat transfer
- Fundamental concepts in heat transfer
- Mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation
- Fourier's law. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity
- Newton's law of cooling. Convection coefficient
- Stefan-Boltzmann law. Emissivity and absorptivity
B4-2. Heat transfer by conduction
- General heat conduction equation
- One-dimensional conduction in steady state. Plane walls
- Thermal resistance. Thermal resistance network
- Global heat transfer coefficient
- Stationary conduction with thermal energy generation
- Conduction in radial systems: cylinders and spheres
B4-3. Heat exchangers
- General considerations
- Classification of heat exchangers. Characteristics and selection criteria
- Parallel, countercurrent and cross flow temperature distribution
- Considerations for the design of heat exchangers
- Heat flow exchanged
- Logarithmic mean temperature difference (DTML) method
- Efficiency method-number of transfer units (E-NUT)
B4-4. Heat transfer by convection
- Movement of a fluid. Laminar and turbulent flows
- Boundary layers of convection: hydraulic and thermal
- Dimensionless numbers
- Free and forced convection
- Empirical correlations for external and internal flows
B4-5. Heat transfer by radiation: general principles
- Fundamental concepts. Electromagnetic spectrum. Thermal radiation
- Blackbody radiation. Planck's Law. Wien's Law
- Definitions: radiation intensity, irradiance, emissivity
- Surface absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
- Kirchhoff's Law
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| PRACTICAL CONTENTS |
The seven practices proposed aim to consolidate and deepen the knowledge acquired in the theoretical classes while developing research skills: design of experiments, analysis and collection of experimental data, discussion of results using appropriate sources of information, etc.
PL 1. Mechanical equivalent of heat
This practice aims to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat, that is, the relationship between the energy unit (Joule) and the heat unit (calorie). Through this practical experience, it is highlighted the large amount of mechanical energy that needs to be transformed into heat to significantly increase the temperature of a small mass.
PL 2. Linear thermal expansion of solids
Study of linear thermal expansion in iron, brass and aluminum thin tubes. Estimation and comparison of the coefficients of expansion of these materials. The implications of the materials expansion on structural safety will be evaluated, as stated in the Technical Building Code (CTE).
PL 3. Introduction to thermographic techniques
It is intended to initiate students in the use of thermographic cameras as a tool applied to the study of insulation in buildings and predictive maintenance. The environmental implications of their use will be analysed. The importance of emissivity in this technique will be studied.
PL 4. Thermal conductivity of metals
It will be determined the heat flux that occurs through U-shaped metal bars whose ends are immersed in hot and cold water. It will be proved that the heat flux depends on the composition of the material, as well as its cross section and length.
PL 5. Determination of insulation properties
It is intended to observe the thermal properties of different insulating materials for the management and understanding of concepts such as thermal insulation, thermal conductivity and heat capacity.
PL 6. Heat exchanger
The aim is to better understand the operation of heat exchangers, establish energy balances and determine the effectiveness and the integral coefficient of heat transfer as a function of the direction and flow of the fluids. Likewise, the DTLM and ℰ-NUT methods will be validated and the dimensionless numbers will be applied to estimate the theoretical heat transfer coefficients.
PL 7. Alternative energies. Study of a solar collector.
It is intended to initiate students in the study of a solar collector, analyse the energy received by radiation and make an energy balance of the energy used for domestic hot water, thus being able to meet the requirements of the CTE. Different configurations of the equipment will be tested in order to understand its operation and find the one that maximizes energy use.
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