| Topic |
Sub-topic |
| 1. Atomic theory and chemical bond |
1.1. Atomic theory:
Subatomic particles: Electron, proton and neutron.
Atom characteristics: atomic number and mass. Isotopes.
Nuclear stability: natural and artificial radioactivity.
Atomic theory evolution.
1.2. Chemical bond:
Definition.
Intramolecular bonds: covalent and ionic bond. Poly-atomic molecules: Hybridization and electronic delocalization.
Intermolecular bond: Intermolecular forces.
Chemical Nomenclature |
| 2. State of matter: Pure solids,liquids and gases and solutions. |
2.1. Solid state:
Introduction. Classification: amorphous, crystalline solids: molecular and liquid crystals, covalent and ionic crystals. Struture and crystalline energy.
2.2. Gas state:
Characteristics. Ideal gases: state equation. real gases: State equation. Properties.
2.3. Liquid state:
Characteristics. Physical properties: density, surface tension, viscosity. Phase transitions. Phase diagram. Colligative properties of solutions. |
| 3. Thermochemistry. |
3.1. Heat reaction:
Enthalpy. Internal energy. Reaction enthalpy. Temperature and reaction enthalpy. Enthalpy of formation. Evaluation of enthalpy of formation: direct method. State function: Hess' law.
3.2. Entropy:
Definition. Evaluation.
3.3. Free energy:
Definition. Evaluation. Spontaneous - nonspontaneous criteria. |
| 4.Chemical equilibrium: gas state, acid-base, redox, solubility. |
4.1. Chemical equilibrium:
Definition. Equilibrium constant. Types and examples. Le Chatelier's principle.
4.2. Acid-base equilibrium:
Definition. Water auto-ionization. Ionic product. pH and pOH. Acid and base strenght. Polyprotic Acids. Amphoteric acids and bases. pH determination. Acid-base tritations. Buffer solutions.
4.3. Redox equilibrium:
Oxidation,reduction, oxidant and reductor. Balancing redox reactions:
Acidic media, Basic media. Redox tritations. Electrochemical batteries: basic concepts and redox potential. Thermodynamic of electrochemical reactions: Gibss energy and cell potential. Nerst equation. Faraday Laws.
4.4 Solubility:
Soluble salts: hydrolysis.
Low soluble salts: solubility and solubility product. Variables that affect solubility. Ion separation by fractional precipitation.
Complex salts: Definition, properties, dissociation, interest. |
| 5. Chemical kinetics |
5.1. Basic concepts:
Reaction rate, reaction order, kinetic constant, rate equation.
5.2. Chemical reaction rate:
Quantification. Method of initial rates. Integrated rate equations.
5.3. Factors that modify the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| 6. Basic principles of organic chemistry. |
6.1. Nomenclature of organic chemistry and organic functional groups:
6.1.1. Structure of organic compounds: Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons.
6.1.2. Alcohols and phenols.
6.1.3. Ethers.
6.1.4. Aldehydes and ketones.
6.1.5. Esters.
6.1.6. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
6.1.7. Amines and nitro compounds. |
| 7. Basic principles of inorganic chemistry |
7.1. Metallurgy and Chemistry of Metals:
Abundance of metals. Nature of metallic chemical bond and metallic properties. Theory of conduction band: conductive materials, semiconductors and superconductors. Metallurgical Processes: Iron and Steel.
7.2. Non-metals and their compounds:
General properties of non-metals. Hydrogen. Carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus. Oxygen and sulfur. Halogens. |
| 8. Applied electrochemistry |
8.1 Applications of the Nerst equation: Determination of pH, equilibrium constant and solubility product.
8.2. Electrochemical batteries: types of batteries. Cell concentration. Electrical conductivity in electrolytes. Electrolysis cells.
8.3. Industrial processes of electrolysis: electroplating, electrometallurgy, chlorine-NaOH electrolysis. Fuel cells. |
| 9. Corrosion and Surface Treatment |
9.1. Basic principles of corrosion: the corrosion cell.
9.2. Corrosion of metals.
9.3. Corrosion rate.
9.4. Types of corrosion.
9.5. Protection against corrosion:
Design considerations for protection against corrosion, cathodic protection (Sacrificial anode protection, Impressed current), protective coatings. Electroplating. |
| 10. Electrochemical sensors |
10.1. Fundamentals.
10.2. Types and function.
10.3. Conductivity sensors.
10.4. Potentiometric sensors.
10.5. Ion selective electrode. pH sensors.
10.6. Selective Sensors for dissolved gases.
10.7. Selective enzyme electrodes: Biosensors.
10.8. Amperometric and voltametric sensors.
10.9. Sensor applications: medicine, industry, environmental monitoring. |
| 11. Petroleum (oil) and Derivatives: Petrochemistry. |
11.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of oil.
11.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of natural gas.
11.3. Conditioning and uses of natural gas.
11.4. Oil Fractioning.
11.5. Cracking of hydrocarbons: Reforming, isomerization, oligomerization, alkylation and eterification.
11.6. Petrochemical processes of BTX, olefins and derivatives, methanol and derivatives.
11.7. Treatment of sulfurous compounds and refining units. |
| 12. The Coal: Carbochemistry |
12.1. Coal formation.
12.2. Types of coal and its constitution.
12.3. Coal utilization technology.
12.4. Pyrogenic coal.
12.5. Hydrogenation of coal.
12.6. Direct coal liquefaction, gasification.
|
