| Topic |
Sub-topic |
1. The cell.
|
Size, form and cellular function.
Cell classification.
Cell Theory.
Procaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. |
| 2. Biomembranes and systems of cellular transport. |
Cell membrane: functions, biochemical composition, physic-chemical properties.
Synthesis of the cellular membrane.
System of transport through the biological membranes: bombs, protein transporters and channels. |
| 3. The core and the chromosomes. The cellular organelles. |
Cell nucleous: structure, composition and functions.
Structure and functions of the nucleolus.
Structures and functions of chromatin and chromosomes.
Structure, composition and functions of: matrix extracellular, cytoskeleton and centrioles, endoplasmatic reticulum, apparatus of Golgi, endosomes and lisosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes and cloroplasts. |
| 4. Cellular division and cellular cycle. |
Definition and characteristics of mitosis.
Differences between somatics and germinal cells.
Phases of the cellular cycle.
Biological meaning ofmitosis.
Concept of the apoptosis, cellular proliferation and cancer.
Concept and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Definition and characteristic of meisosis.
Phases of meiosis.
Origin of the genetic variability of the meiosis.
Differences between mitosis and meiosis.
|
| 5. General design of the metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. |
Concept of: enzyme, energetic metabolism, metabolic route, catabolism, anabolism.
The equivalent of ATP.
Extraction of the chemical energy of the organic compounds: glucides, lipids and proteins. |
| 6. Photosynthesis. |
Nature of the light.
Photosynthetic pigments.
Stages of the photosynthesis: luminous phase and dark phase (cycle of Calvin).
The problem of the photorespiration: plants C4 and plants CAM. |
| 7. DNA, structure and function. |
Composition, structure of the DNA.
Function of the DNA.
Replication of the DNA.
Initiation the technicians of the recombinant DNA.
|
| 8. RNA and the expression of the genetic message. |
Composition and structure of the RNA.
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
Other types cellular RNAs and its functions.
Review of the concepts of transcription and translation.
Language of the genic information.
|
| 9. Mutation and evolution. |
Genic mutations: concept and types. Molecular consequences of the genic mutations.
Structural chromosomal mutations.
Numerical chromosomal mutations.
Origin and consequences of the mutations.
Relation of the mutations and cancer.
Evolutionary theories.
Arguments in favour of wool evolution. |
| 10. The immune system. |
Concept of immune system.
Components of the immune system.
Mechanism of the innate defence of the immune system.
Antibodies and interferon.
Types of immune response.
Alterations of the immune system.
Importance of the vaccines. |
