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Sub-topic |
Unit 1. Introduction to Topography.
Objectives: to update and review the concepts acquired by the students in the previous subjects of Topography within the specific military training. To consolidate a scientific knowledge of the basics of Topography.
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1.1 Definitions. Relation of Topography with other sciences. Geodesy and Topography. Shape of the Earth: geoid and ellipsoid. Geodesic methods. Geodesic reference systems. Datum or fundamental astronomical point. Base and geodesic triangulation. Geodesy by satellite. Limit of a topographic survey. Influence of the Earth curvature in planimetry and altimetry.
1.2 Graphic representation systems. Projections. Orthogonal projection and system. Graphic representation of the terrain. Maps, charts and planes. Graphic and numerical scales. Triangulation, geodesic and topographic networks.
1.3 Cartography. Cartographic projections. Deformations and local scale. Classification of the projections. Mercator's Projection. UTM Projection. UTM grid.
1.4 Coordinates: Cartesian and polar coordinates. Geographic coordinates. Transformation of coordinates. Lines and distances. Concept of geodesic line. Angles and alignments. The terrestrial magnetic field. Magnetic declination. Magnetic and grid azimuths.
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Unit 2. Instruments and systems used in Topography.
Objectives: To identify and know the different instruments and systems commonly used in Topography. To acquire the necessary ability and skills for a basic management of real Topographic equipment to be used by the students during the practical sessions of the subject. |
2.1 Topographic observations. Uncertainty and errors in Topography. General concepts of geometrical optics. Optical instruments. Prisms and lens. Telescopes. Topographic telescope.
2.2 Auxiliary Topographic elements: tripods, levels, platforms for levelling, plummets. Theodolites and tachymeters. Horizontal and vertical circles, vernier and micrometers. Goniometers.
2.3 Total Station. Operation of the Total Station.
2.4 Global Positioning System (GPS). Application of the GPS in geodesy and topography.
2.5 Units of measure: length, surface, angular units. Centesimal and sexagesimal systems. Transformation of units between systems.
2.6 Horizontal and vertical angles. Errors.
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Unit 3. Topographic methods: planimetry and altimetry.
Objectives: To know and apply the planimetric methods to properly represent a terrain into a flat surface. To know and apply the altimetric methods to properly represent the altitude and morphology of a terrain. |
3.1 Planimetric methods. Method of abscissas and ordinates to an unique axis. Method of decomposition in triangles. Method of alignments. Method of radiation. Itinerary or poligonation. Method of intersections: direct and inverse intersection, mixed intersection, graphic and numerical solutions.
3.2 Altimetric methods. Levels and telescopic sights: description. Comparison plane: heights, differences of level and altitude. Trigonometric levelling. Geometrical levelling.
3.3 Digital Model of the Terrain (MDT). Contour lines.
3.4 Interpretation of planes. Visibility between two points in the terrain. |
Unit 4. Applications of the Topography.
Objectives: To be able to apply the theoretical and practical contents of the topography for the realisation of the different topographic works and its applications on construction as well as in other fields.
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4.1 Topographic, cadastral and urban surveys. Topography in mining and tunnelling. Surveying for engineering projects. Design of a topographic project.
4.2 Profiles: longitudinal and transversal. Land movement: slope and land clearing. Civil work. Construction stakeout surveys.
4.3 Defensive organisation of the terrain. Construction of tracks and forest paths. |
Unit 5. Introduction to Geomatic.
Objectives: To know the different geomatic techniques for cartographic production.
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5.1 Definition and fundamentals of the geomatic as source of data for cartographic production.
5.2 Introduction to long-range systems: spatial remote sensing. Landsat and Spot sensors.
5.3 Introduction to close-range systems: photogrammetry and LiDAR technology (aerial and terrestrial systems).
5.4 Introduction to the geophysical prospection: georadar and acoustic (sonar). Bathymetries. |
Unit 6. Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Objectives: To know and apply the fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, as well as the management of large amounts of cartographic and geographic data in different formats. |
6.1 Concept of Geographic Information System (GIS). Differences between GIS, database and CAD.
6.2 Concepts about geographic and spatial information: data and metadata. Raster and vectorial models. Geoprocessing. Digitization and georeferencing of data.
6.3 Main applications of GIS for the management and planning of the territory. Military GIS.
6.4 Phases of a GIS project. Basic concepts of Thematic Cartography.
6.5 Cartographic data sources. Web GIS and Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). |
Unit 7. Photogrammetry and its applications.
Objectives: To know the techniques of the photogrammetry and its applications, both in civil and military fields. To understand the importance of the photogrammetry as a tool to produce maps and plans, as well as its utility for georeferencing a territory. |
7.1 Aerial photogrammetry and its applications. The photography as a conical perspective. Types of aerial photographs. Aerial photography and plane: comparison. Photogrammetry. Generalities and definitions. Applications. The problem of the photogrammetry. Perspective beams. The aerial and the metric cameras. Internal data of the projective beams. Identification of homologous rays. External data of the projective beams. Control points. Intersection of homologous rays. Photogrammetric restitution. Accuracy of photogrammetric surveys.
7.2 The orthophoto. Close-range photogrammetry. Instruments and data acquisition: cameras. Measuring instruments. Methods. Applications: industrial photogrammetry, photogrammetry applied to civil engineering and architecture. |
| Practical Activity 1. First contact with topographic instrumentation. |
Total Station and the measurement of areas. |
| Practical Activity 2. Planning a topographic survey in the field and design of a closed itinerary. |
Method of itinerary in the field. |
| Practical Activity 3. Method of radiation in the field. |
Acquisition of strategic and filling points. |
| Practical Activity 4. Elaboration of the point cloud and calculation of coordinates. |
Generation of planimetry. |
| Practical Activity 5. MDT. Contour lines. Longitudinal and transversal profiles. |
Generation of altimetry. |
| Practical Activity 6. Development of a GIS case study. |
Geoprocessing and Thematic Cartography. |
| Practical Activity 7. Session dedicated to the presentation of the final projects. |
Evaluation of the field project regarding the elaboration of a topographic survey. |
