| BLOCK 1 (B1): Fundamental concepts and principles in heat transfer |
B1-1. Introduction to heat transfer
- Fundamental concepts in heat transfer
- Mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation
- Fourier's law. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity
- Newton's law of cooling. Convection coefficient
- Stefan-Boltzmann law. Emissivity and absorptivity
B1-2. Heat transfer by conduction
- General heat conduction equation
- One-dimensional conduction in steady state. Plane walls
- Thermal resistance. Thermal resistance network
- Global heat transfer coefficient
- Stationary conduction with thermal energy generation
- Conduction in radial systems: cylinders and spheres
B1-3. Heat exchangers
- General considerations
- Classification of heat exchangers. Characteristics and selection criteria
- Parallel, countercurrent and cross flow temperature distribution
- Considerations for the design of heat exchangers
- Heat flow exchanged
- Logarithmic mean temperature difference (DTML) method
- Efficiency method-number of transfer units (E-NUT)
B1-4. Heat transfer by convection
- Movement of a fluid. Laminar and turbulent flows
- Boundary layers of convection: hydraulic and thermal
- Dimensionless numbers
- Free and forced convection
- Empirical correlations for external and internal flows
B1-5. Heat transfer by radiation: general principles
- Fundamental concepts. Electromagnetic spectrum. Thermal radiation
- Blackbody radiation. Planck's Law. Wien's Law
- Definitions: radiation intensity, irradiance, emissivity
- Surface absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
- Kirchhoff's Law
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| BLOCK 2 (B2): Properties of pure, simple and compressible substances |
B2-1. Review of basic concepts and definitions
- Systems definition
- Description of the systems and their behaviour
- Temperature measurement. Zero Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat and specific heat
- Phase change and latent heat
- Ideal gas. State equations
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic transformations of an ideal gas
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
B2-2. Properties of a pure, simple and compressible substance
- Definition of the thermodynamic state
- The p-v-T relationship
- Calculation of thermodynamic properties
- The ideal gas model
- Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
- Calculation of internal energy and enthalpy changes in ideal gases
- Polytropic processes of an ideal gas
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| BLOCK 4 (B4): Introduction to thermodynamic analysis of thermal motors and machines |
B4-1. Power production facilities
- Introduction to power production facilities
- Vapor power production: the Rankine Cycle
- Gas turbine power production facilities: the Brayton cycle
- Combined cycle
B4-2. Gas cycles in reciprocating internal combustion engines
- Otto cycle
- Diesel cycle
B4-3. Refrigeration cycles
- Refrigerators
- Heat pumps
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| PRACTICAL CONTENTS |
The seven practices proposed aim to consolidate and deepen the knowledge acquired in the theoretical classes while developing research skills: design of experiments, analysis and collection of experimental data, discussion of results using appropriate sources of information, etc.
PL 1. Thermal conductivity of metals
It will be determined the heat flux that occurs through U-shaped metal bars whose ends are immersed in hot and cold water. It will be proved that the heat flux depends on the composition of the material, as well as its cross section and length.
PL 2. Determination of insulation properties
It is intended to observe the thermal properties of different insulating materials for the management and understanding of concepts such as thermal insulation, thermal conductivity and heat capacity.
PL 3. Heat exchanger
The aim is to better understand the operation of heat exchangers, establish energy balances and determine the effectiveness and the integral coefficient of heat transfer as a function of the direction and flow of the fluids. Likewise, the DTLM and ℰ-NUT methods will be validated and the dimensionless numbers will be applied to estimate the theoretical heat transfer coefficients.
PL 4. Introduction to thermographic techniques
It is intended to initiate students in the use of thermographic cameras as a tool applied to the study of insulation in buildings and predictive maintenance. The environmental implications of their use will be analysed. The importance of emissivity in this technique will be studied.
PL 5. Alternative energies. Study of a solar collector.
It is intended to initiate students in the study of a solar collector, analyse the energy received by radiation and make an energy balance of the energy used for domestic hot water, thus being able to meet the requirements of the CTE. Different configurations of the equipment will be tested in order to understand its operation and find the one that maximizes energy use
PL 6. Mechanical equivalent of heat
This practice aims to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat, that is, the relationship between the energy unit (Joule) and the heat unit (calorie). Through this practical experience, it is highlighted the large amount of mechanical energy that needs to be transformed into heat to significantly increase the temperature of a small mass.
PL7. Simulation of Thermodynamic Cycles
In this practice, the knowledge acquired in the thermodynamics section (first and second law of thermodynamics) will be applied to solve complete thermodynamic cycles using compressible fluids. Properties will be calculated for different thermodynamic states, as well as the coefficient of performance for different thermal machines (COP), aiming to improve and optimize their energy efficiency. For this purpose, a simulation software such as DWSIM, CYCLEPAD, or similar will be used. The results obtained will be compared with real cycles from the recommended bibliography.
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