| Topic |
Sub-topic |
| Subject 1. Amino acids and peptides |
Amino acids: structure and classification. The peptide bond. Natural peptides of biological interest. |
| Subject 2. Proteins |
General concept. Main functions of the proteins. Structural levels of the proteins |
| Subject 3. Enzymes and catalisis enzymatic |
Concept, nomenclature and classification of the enzymes. Characteristics of the active centre. Kinetical of the enzymatic reactions: equation of Michaelis-Menten. Kinetical of the alosteric enzymes. Other mechanisms of the modulation of the enzymatic activities |
| Subject 4. Glucides |
Monosaccharides: aldoses and cetoses. Linear structure. Structure cyclic and space formings. Monosaccharides of biological interest.
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides: general characteristics, structure and types more important to biological level. |
| Subject 5. Lipids |
General characteristics and biological importance of the lipids. General classification. Characteristics and structure of the fatty acids. Saponifiable lipids: neutral and polar. Unsaponifiable lipids: eicosanoids, isoprenoids and steroids.
|
| Subject 6. Vitamins and coenzymes |
Structure and function of vitamins and coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
| Subject 7. Nucleotides: structure and function |
Biological importance. Composition and structure of nucleosides and nucleotides. Functions of the nucleotides. |
| Subject 8. Introduction to the metabolism. |
General concepts of the energetic metabolism. The equivalent of the ATP. Definition of metabolic route: catabolic, anabolic and amphibole routes. Importance of the regulation of the metabolic routes. |
| Subject 9. Glycolysis and pyruvate metabolic destination |
Stages and reactions of the glucolisis. Biological importance of this universal route. The glucolisis how amphibole route.
Pyruvate metabolic destinations in anaerobiosis (fermentation lactic and alcoholic) and aerobiosis (acetilCoA synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix). Reoxidation of the cytosolic NADH.
Stoichiometry and energetic balance of the glucolisis. |
| Subject 10. Cycle of the tricarboxilic acids (cycle of Krebs) and Pentose phosphate pathway |
Central position of the acetilCoA molecule in the energetic metabolism. Reaccions of the cycle of Krebs. Paper of the cycle of Krebs like amphibole route. Energetic balance of the cycle Krebs and of the aerobic degradation of the glucose.
Pentose phosphate pathway |
| Subject 11. Chain of electronic transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
Chain of electronic transport: components, location and sequence of the electronic transport. Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP sintase enzymatic complex. |
| Subject 12. Gluconeogenesis |
Overview of the synthesis of glucose de novo. Main gluconeogenic substrates. Own reactions of the gluconeogenesis. |
| Subject 13. Metabolism of the fatty acids |
Activation and intracelular trnasport of the fatty acids. The beta-oxidation of the fatty acids. Energetic balance of the acid palmitic.
Biosynthesis of acids fatty: acetilCoA carboxilase and Fatty acid synthase reaction.
Elongation and desaturation of fatty acids. |
| Subject 14. Degradation of the amino acids and destination of the ammonium ion . |
Overview of the catabolism of the amino acids: transamination and oxidative desamination reactions.
Destination of the carbonate skeleton of the amino acids.
Form of excretion of the ammonium ion in the alive organisms: the urea cycle |
| Subject 15. Aminoacids anabolism. |
Nitrogen cycle in the nature. Incorporation of the ammonium ion to the biomoléculas through the glutamate and glutamine. Aminoacids biosynthesis. |
| Subject 16. Experimental methods in Biochemistry |
Techniques used in the field of protein study: homogenization, subcellular fractionation, precipitation with salts, chromatographic, electrophoretic ... |
